Ukraine explainer: How did we get to this crisis?

MOSCOW — With Russia carrying out a massive military buildup near Ukraine and the West roundly rejecting Moscow’s security demands, a window for diplomacy in the crisis was closing.

President Joe Biden spoke for an hour Saturday with Russia President Vladimir Putin as the U.S. State Department ordered all diplomats and employees except a “core team” to leave the American Embassy in Ukraine.

Here is a look at the strategy in the standoff:

Demands and responses

Russia wants the United States and its allies to keep Ukraine and other former Soviet nations from joining NATO; refrain from putting any weapons near Russia; and roll back alliance forces from Eastern Europe.

Washington and NATO reject those demands as “nonstarters,” but they also are offering to discuss possible limits on missile deployments, a greater transparency of military drills and other confidence-building measures.

Putin has yet to deliver Moscow's formal response to the Western proposals, but he has already described them as secondary and warned he wouldn’t take “no” for an answer on his main demands. He countered the Western argument about NATO having an open-door policy to admitting nations by arguing that it threatens Russia and violates the principle of the “indivisibility of security” enshrined in international agreements.

Military muscle-flexing

With the West rejecting its key demands, the Kremlin has raised the stakes by massing over 100,000 troops near Ukraine and carrying out military maneuvers from the Arctic Ocean to the Black Sea.

As part of the show of force, Moscow has moved trainloads of troops, tanks and weapons from the Far East and Siberia to Belarus for joint war games, drawing Western concerns that Russia could use them as a cover for an invasion.

Washington and its allies are raising the prospect of unprecedented sanctions in the event of an invasion, including a possible ban on dollar transactions, draconian restrictions on key technology imports like microchips and the shutdown of a newly built Russian gas pipeline to Germany.

Biden’s administration also has deployed additional U.S. troops to Poland, Romania and Germany in a show of Washington’s commitment to protect NATO’s eastern flank. Western allies have delivered planeloads of weapons and munitions to Ukraine.

Calculated escalation

By concentrating troops that could attack Ukraine from many directions, Putin has demonstrated a readiness to escalate the crisis to achieve his goals.

“Putin appears overconfident and is exhibiting a high level of risk-tolerance,” said Ben Hodges, who served as commanding general of the U.S. Army Europe and now works at the Center for European Policy Analysis. “He seems intent on applying maximum pressure on the West in this self-manufactured crisis, in hopes that Ukraine or NATO will eventually make concessions.”

Some observers expect Putin to further ratchet up tensions by expanding the scope and area of the military drills.

Fyodor Lukyanov, head of the Moscow-based Council for Foreign and Defense Policies who closely follows the Kremlin's thinking, predicted a Western refusal to discuss Russia’s main demands would trigger a new round of escalation.

“Logically, Russia will need to raise the level of tensions,” Lukyanov said. “If the goals set are not being achieved, then you need to increase pressure — first of all through a demonstration of force.”

Lukyanov said that while invading Ukraine is not what Putin wants, he may challenge the West by other means.

“The whole idea as envisaged by Putin … was not to solve the Ukrainian crisis by means of war, but to bring the West to the negotiations table about principles of European security arrangements,” Lukyanov noted. “The moment Russia starts a war against Ukraine, the whole previous game will be over and the new game will happen at an absolutely different level of risk. And all we know about Mr. Putin is that he is not a gambler. He is a calculated player.”

Potential compromises

While Putin and his officials have insisted they expect the United States and NATO to bow to Russia's demands — a prospect that looks all but impossible — some Kremlin-watchers expect Moscow to eventually accept a compromise that would help avoid hostilities and allow all sides to save face.

Even though Western allies won’t renounce NATO’s open-door policy, they have no intention to embrace Ukraine or any other ex-Soviet nation anytime soon. Some analysts floated an idea of a potential moratorium on expanding the alliance.

Gwendolyn Sasse, a Carnegie Europe fellow who heads the Centre for East European and International Studies in Berlin, voiced skepticism, saying that “the worst would be to signal that there are divisions in NATO," noting that Putin might not be satisfied with it either.

Another possibility is the “Finlandization” of Ukraine, meaning that the country would acquire a neutral status, the way Finland did after World War II. The policy helped it maintain friendly ties with the Soviet Union throughout the Cold War.

Such a move would represent a sharp revision of Ukraine’s course toward NATO membership and likely fuel strong domestic criticism, but the Ukrainian public could eventually welcome the policy twist as a lesser evil, compared with a Russian invasion.

Asked about the “Finlandization” idea, French President Emmanuel Macron told reporters last week that “this is one of the models on the table,” but he later backtracked on the idea.

Another potential compromise would likely include steps to defuse tensions in eastern Ukraine, which has been controlled by Russia-backed separatists since a rebellion there in 2014 shortly after Moscow's annexation of Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula.

Russia has urged the West to press Ukraine to fulfill its obligations under a 2015 peace deal that was brokered by France and Germany and required Ukraine to offer self-rule to the rebel-held territories. The deal has been seen by Ukrainians as a betrayal of the country's national interests and implementation has stalled.

Macron described the agreement as "the only path allowing to build peace … and find a sustainable political solution.”